ASSESSING NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL FEEDING HABITS BY STOMACH LAVAGE

Stomach lavaging was used to study the feeding habits of northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) found on San Miguel Island, California, during the spring of 1984. Fifty-nine elephant seals were chemically immobilized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride. Once immobilized, an animal's stomach was intubated, filled with 3–4 liters of water to create a slurry of the undigested food items, and evacuated into a collection device. The stomachs of 57 (96.6%) of the animals lavaged contained identifiable parts of prey. Twenty-nine different food items were identified, 12 of which have not been previously reported as prey of the northern elephant seal: two teleost fish, Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Pacific rattail) and another unidentified macrourid; two crustaceans, Pasiphaea pacifica (glass shrimp) and Euphausia sp.; six squid, Abraliopsis felis, Gonatus berryi, Histioteuthis dofleini, Cranchia scabra, Taonius pavo, and Galiteuthis sp. and two octopi, Octopus dofleini and Octopus rubescens.     

Bronchoalveolar lavage in an immunosuppressed rabbit model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

A rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis has been used to investigate the pathogenesis of Aspergillus infection in the immunosuppressed host. The animals received hydrocortisone daily and a single dose of cyclophosphamide 2 days prior to intratracheal instillation of conidia from Aspergillus fumigatus. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 3 infected and 2 control saline treated animals sacrificed on days 1, 2, 4, 7 and 10 following inoculation. Infective load within the lung was quantified using an assay for chitin which is an important component of fungal cell walls (in particular the hyphal cell wall) and is not present in vertebrate tissue. The total BAL white cell count did not discriminate between infected and saline treated animals and Aspergillus was cultured from one lavage specimen only. Infected animals developed a marked neutrophil alveolitis by day 2 in contrast to a near total absence of neutrophils in the lavages of the control animals. Phagocytosis of conidia by alveolar macrophages was prominent but did not prevent progressive infection as confirmed by measurement of lung chitin. This pattern of cellular response within the alveolar airspace reflects the complex nature of the response to Aspergillus infection in the immunosuppressed host.     

Neuropeptide Y: presence in sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa

Summary The occurrence of neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) in the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa was studied in various species including man. A dense network of NPY-immunoreactive (IR) fibres was present around arteries and arterioles in the nasal mucosa of all species studied. NPY was also located in nerves around seromucous glands in pig and guinea-pig, but not in rat, cat and man. The NPY-IR glandular innervation corresponded to about 20% of the NPY content of the nasal mucosa as revealed by remaining NPY content determined by radioimmunoassay after sympathectomy. These periglandular NPY-positive fibres had a distribution similar to the VIP-IR and PHI-IR nerves but not to the noradrenergic markers tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine--hydroxylase (DBH). The NPY nerves around glands and some perivascular fibres were not influenced by sympathectomy and probably originated in the sphenopalatine ganglion where NPY-IR and VIP-IR ganglion cells were present. The venous sinusoids were innervated by NPY-positive fibres in all species except the cat. Dense NPY and DBH-positive innervation was seen around thick-walled vessels in the pig nasal mucosa; the latter may represent arterio-venous shunts. Double-labelling experiments using TH and DBH, and surgical sympathectomy revealed that the majority of NPY-IR fibres around blood vessels were probably noradrenergic. The NPY-positive perivascular nerves that remained after sympathectomy in the pig nasal mucosa also contained VIP/PHI-IR. The major nasal blood vessels, i.e. sphenopalatine artery and vein, were also densely innervated by NPY-IR fibres of sympathetic origin. Perivascular VIP-IR fibres were present around small arteries, arterioles, venous sinusoids and arterio-venous shunt vessels of the nasal mucosa whereas major nasal vessels received only single VIP-positive nerves. The trigeminal ganglion of the species studied contained only single TH-IR or VIP-IR but no NPY-positive ganglion cells. It is concluded that NPY in the nasal mucosa is mainly present in perivascular nerves of sympathetic origin. In some species, such as pig, glandular and perivascular parasympathetic nerves, probably of VIP/PHI nature, also contain NPY.     

采用康宁克通—A治疗鼻息肉的临床疗效观察

鼻息肉与变态反应之间有密切联系。本文拟报道康克通—A用于鼻息肉摘除术前、后以延迟与防止息肉复发的临疗效观察。     

Temporal Association Between Pulmonary Inflammation and Antioxidant Induction Following Hyperoxic Exposure of the Preterm Guinea Pig

The time course and nature of the pulmonary inflammatory and antioxidant responses, both during and after hyperoxic-induced acute lung injury were studied in the preterm guinea pig. Three-day preterm (65 days gestation) guinea pigs were randomly exposed to either 21% O₂ (control) or 95% O₂ (hyperoxia) for 72 hours. All pups were then maintained in ambient conditions for up to a further 11 days, during which time lung damage was monitored. In animals exposed to hyperoxia, evidence of acute lung injury and inflammation was characterized by a marked increase in microvascular permeability and elevated numbers of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Protein concentration, elastase-like activity and elastase-inhibitory capacity in lavage fluid were at a maximum at the end of the 72 hours hyperoxic exposure. Four days later, all values had returned to control levels. In contrast, increased numbers of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes were recovered in the lavage fluid during this early recovery period. Coinciding with the influx of inflammatory cells, there was a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in immature lung. Lung copper/zinc superoxide dismutase activity remained unchanged during both experimental periods. The strong temporal relationship between the influx of inflammatory cells to the lung and the induction of pulmonary antioxidant enzyme defences suggests that a common mechanism underlies both responses. These findings have led us to regard inflammation in the hyperoxic-injured immature lung as a beneficial event and not, as previously suggested, as part of the injurious process.     

大鼠胸部照射后支气管肺泡灌洗液成分和肺组织纤溶活力的变化

大鼠胸部照射γ射线２０Ｇｙ,照射后观察支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）中蛋白质含量、细胞总数和分类及巨噬细胞存活率,肺指数及肺组织纤溶活力,并做了大体解剖和组织学检查。结果为：照射后２周开始ＢＡＬＦ中蛋白质含量、细胞总数和中性粒细胞即明显增多,照射后１——２个月持续处于高水平,高峰在１．５─２个月,照射后３─４个月有所下降,肺指数有相应变化;肺组织纤溶活力则相反,从照射后２周开始持续下降,至照射后２个月已降至最低,接近于零。形态学观察也见到有早期肺水肿和晚期肺萎缩等变化。由上结果可见,大鼠胸部照射后的早期主要为渗出性病变和纤溶活力的降低。文中讨论了照射后血管内皮细胞的损伤在放射性肺损伤发病中的作用。     

儿童肺炎肺实变住院患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原分析

本研究分析肺炎肺实变患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原谱构成,旨在为临床经验性抗感染治疗提供指导。收集2019年1月-2020年1月复旦大学附属儿科医院纤维支气管镜室诊治的住院肺炎病例临床资料,其中肺实变的诊断基于影像学证据,依托国家儿童医学中心病原学检测平台,并参考感染传染科医生解读,本研究对肺炎伴肺实变患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液标本的病原学检测结果进行回顾性分析。结果显示,286例肺炎患儿的286份支气管肺泡灌洗液标本被纳入研究,平均年龄5.5(5.8±3.1)岁,其中195例(68.2%)存在肺炎伴肺实变。总病原体检出率为76.6%(219/286),肺实变和无肺实变肺炎患儿病原体检出率分别为77.9%(152/195)和73.6%(67/91),差异无统计学意义;检出的前5种病原体均为肺炎支原体、腺病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型。5周岁及以上患儿肺炎支原体检出率达最高77.0%(127/165),肺实变病例和无肺实变病例肺炎支原体检出率分别为67.2%(131/195)和61.5%(56/91),差异无统计学意义。本研究结果提示,肺炎支原体、腺病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型是导致本研究目标人群患病的主要病原体;病原体检出率高低与是否肺实变无关。     

金莲花液雾化吸入对慢性鼻窦炎功能性内窥镜术后患者鼻通气功能、生活质量和血清炎性因子的影响

目的:探讨金莲花液雾化吸入对慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)功能性内窥镜术后患者鼻通气功能、生活质量和血清炎性因子的影响。方法:选取2017年10月~2019年8月期间我院收治的CRS功能性内窥镜术后患者160例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组(n=80)和研究组(n=80),对照组术后在常规治疗的基础上予以鼻腔生理盐水雾化吸入治疗,研究组在常规治疗的基础上予以金莲花液雾化吸入治疗,比较两组患者鼻通气功能[鼻腔最小截面积(NMCSA)、鼻腔容积(NV)]、生活质量和血清炎性因子[白介素-5(IL-5)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、降钙素原(PCT)]及预后相关指标。结果:两组患者治疗10 d后NMCSA、NV均升高,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗10 d后情感职能、躯体疼痛、社会功能、生理功能、精神健康、活力、生理职能、总体健康的维度评分均升高,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗10 d后血清IL-5、TNF-α、PCT水平均较治疗前下降,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术腔清洁时间、上皮化时间均短于对照组(P<0.05);研究组鼻黏液纤毛传输速度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:金莲花液雾化吸入治疗CRS功能性内窥镜术后患者,可有效改善其鼻通气功能及生活质量,抑制炎性反应,促进患者恢复。